September 2012

First Watt Model SIT-1 Monoblock Power Amplifier
The power of the First Watt digs deeply into the fabric of music to communicate soul, drama, and passion.
Review By Dick Olsher

  Imagine a single-ended Class A power amplifier comprising a single transistor, that is devoid of any feedback, and which behaves similarly to a power triode? Does this scenario sound too good to be true? Well, that's exactly what the First Watt SIT-1 is all about. It deploys a unique type of device, a variant of the JFET, referred to as a static induction transistor (SIT). It was invented in the early 1970s by Jun-ichi Nishizawa, a true genius who is considered the "father of Japanese microelectronics." The SIT enjoyed a brief audio career in power amplifiers by Yamaha and Sony, but has continued to evolve since then mainly for UHF and S-band applications in radar and communication satellite systems. It is a voltage controlled device whereby the signal modulates the electrostatic potential barrier produced by the gate – the grid like element of the SIT. Unlike an ordinary FET whose current-voltage characteristics are pentode like, those of the SIT are triode like. One important consequence of this is the low output impedance even in single-ended operation. And because of its inherent low-voltage and high-current characteristics, no output transformer is required for matching the output stage to a loudspeaker.

In the past 10 years SIT research and development has been focused on using silicon carbide (SiC) instead of a traditional silicon matrix, mainly due to SiC's significant advantage in critical field strength. While in the United States, SemiSouth had become a leader in SiC based SIT power devices, offering customized application-specific solutions. The time was right to invest in this technology despite the prohibitive cost of a custom run of SiCSITs optimized for audio applications. Nelson Pass decided to step up to the plate and take the financial plunge. The devices SemiSouth delivered made their way into two First Watt power amplifiers, the SIT-1 and SIT-2, thus making audio history in the process.

A Few Technical Details
While it isn't easy to make a transistor behave like a triode, the payoff is substantial when it comes to minimalistic single-ended designs. I've already mentioned low source impedance, which for the SIT-1 is about 4 Ohm. Another benefit is inherent linearity which translates to low THD without the application of any feedback. Relative to a pentode, a triode is a far more linear amplifying device. Running a pentode or beam power tube single-ended without any feedback is a recipe for gross distortion. Pentodes need feedback and can sound pretty good in push-pull applications using an ultra-linear connection. Leave it to triodes to rule the "king of Class" A arena. With the SIT-1, Nelson wanted to simplify the circuitry down to essentially the sound of single transistor operating without correction via local degeneration or loop feedback. To paraphrase a well-known Zen metaphor, we can hear the sound of two transistors working together, but what is the sound of a single SIT transistor? Much like the sound of a single hand clapping, it transcends the ordinary.

According to Nelson, a practical reason to explore simple single-ended triode-like circuits is that they generally generate an harmonic distortion spectrum that is predominantly second order in nature with the residual being essentially third order: "If you are going to have distortion, you will want it in a low order harmonic form, kept to only second and third harmonic if possible." Low-order distortion products are consonant with the music and are certainly imperceptible at total levels below about 1%. The SIT-1's THD is specified at 0.7% at 1W for both 4 and 8 Ohm loads. Measured distortion does rise to over 2% above 5W, though the character of the amp does not appear to change subjectively. Most SET amplifiers measure at 2% to 3% harmonic distortion at low power levels but the distortion spectrum is characterized by the near absence of higher order distortion products whose annoyance factor detracts from long-term listening enjoyment. It should be noted that while feedback is useful for the reduction of THD it does not generally alter the relative distribution of distortion products, which means that you can't make a pentode sound like a triode by merely cranking up feedback levels.

The SIT-1 is passively biased using several 7.5 and 5 Ohm 100W film type power resistors. The front panel features a bias meter and a bias adjustment pot. This feature serves a couple of useful purposes. First of all, it allows for compensation of minor variations in line voltage. There are times in my neck of the woods, when under heavy demand conditions the line voltage will drift low, and then return to nominal value late at night. And secondly, it enables the user to tweak the operating point for optimal coupling to the loudspeaker load. Any bias setting within the green zone is said to be safe. However, distortion levels, which are mainly second order, do vary slightly with bias setting for a given load. For example, Nelson's measurements show that biasing to the left of the green zone center line works best for a 4 Ohm resistive load, while for an 8 Ohm load total harmonic distortion (THD) is reduced for bias settings in the right side of the green zone. However, due to the complex nature of a real-world speaker load, there is no correct setting, rather (as Nelson puts it) only the one that sounds best to your ears. Incidentally, the SIT-2, the stereo version of the SIT-1, is biased at a fixed value corresponding to the center of the SIT-1's green zone. And being biased by a FET based constant current source, the SIT-2 does not really need compensation for AC line variations.

The input is AC coupled via a 4.7 uF Clarity polypropylene cap. And since there is no output transformer, a large DC blocking cap is used in the output, made up of a parallel combination of two 4,700 uF/100V electrolytics and a 4.7 uF Clarity polypropylene cap. Efficiency is quite low at 5%, much lower than the 20% of a typical SET. The heat sinks get quite warm to the touch, as the SIT-1 dissipates 200W at idle, but is only able to deliver 10W into a load. That's a consequence of being a passively-biased single-ended design with triode-like source-gate characteristics. As with other single-ended Class A designs, the output stage works less when it is actually playing music. This may seem counter intuitive, but as power is delivered to the load the output stage runs a bit cooler.

My review samples were production in every way except for the omission of the JFET based input buffer stage. Without the buffer stage, the SIT-1's inherent input impedance is 10 kOhm, which should not be an issue with any line preamp sporting a source impedance under 1 kOhm. But in order to ensure compatibility with any preamp or source component out there, production units incorporate a buffer that provides a 100 kOhm input impedance option. Input impedance selection (10 or 100 kOhm) is performed by means of a gold jumper which plugs into an XLR connector near the RCA input jack. The 10K setting is of course more purist in nature, as it bypasses the buffer stage. I was fortunate to have both the Pass Labs XP-30 line preamp and XP-25 phono stage on hand for the duration of the listening tests. These front end components are an excellent match sonically for the SIT-1, while the XP-30's 50 Ohm source impedance was more than satisfied with a 10 kOhm input impedance. Consisting of a single gain stage, the SIT-1 inverts signal polarity. However connections to the speaker binding posts are already reversed internally, the Red post being grounded, while the Black post is the positive or live connection. That means that you will automatically obtain the correct polarity by simply following the color coding of the output connections.

The Sound Of One Transistor Clapping
I auditioned the SIT-1 in the context of two 96dB/W/m sensitive DIY loudspeakers: the Basszilla Platinum and Feastrex Editions, the latter using the Feastrex D-5nf as a wide range driver above 200 Hz. In this context, and sited in a moderately sized listening room, I found the SIT-1 to provide an adequate power reserve for jazz and classical music. The optimal bias setting proved to be well to the right of the green zone centerline. I noted load interactions with both Basszilla loudspeakers caused by the SIT-1's 4 Ohm source impedance. Of course, the only way to eliminate such interactions would be with an ideal loudspeaker whose impedance magnitude is nearly flat from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. The only real-world loudspeaker type that approaches this ideal is a optimally damped transmission line while the impedance magnitude of the ubiquitous bass-reflex loudspeaker can vary by an order of magnitude with frequency. The following plot shows the in-room measured response (warts and all) of the Basszilla Feastrex Edition driven by the SIT-1 (orange trace) and by the JE Audio VM60 (blue trace), a push-pull tube amplifier with a source impedance of about 0.7 Ohm. In comparison to the VM60, the SIT-1 is seen to shave off up to 2 dB of output in the range from 70 to 500 Hz. The end result is a slight lightening up of the speaker's in-room tonal balance, though in my room that worked out well enough as this served to reduce some of the excess mid bass energy.

My first and lasting sonic impressions were of startling immediacy, soundstage transparency, and 3-D dimensionality. The spatial impression expanded to flesh out a superbly delineated depth perspective populated with tightly focused image outlines. In the immortal words of the late Harvey Rosenberg, there was plenty of wholosity to behold! After the initial shock of it all, it took me a few seconds to gravitate toward a critical aural sampling of the harmonic textures. And what a luscious treat that was: purity of tone coupled with naturally hued timbre. In particular, female vocals were amplified with sensational tonal color fidelity. Violin overtones were fleshed sweetly and with the delicacy of the real thing. All-tube analog recordings came through with their warmth and analog flavor fully intact.

An important point to make, and one I shall endeavor to make perfectly clear, is that the SIT-1's presentation was far removed from that of a traditional SET amplifier. A case in point is Pete Millett's single-ended DIY amplifier that squeezes perhaps 2.5 wpc from a French R120 triode, a 6.3V indirectly-heated version of the venerable 2A3. While it got clobbered by the SIT-1 at the frequency extremes, the R120's midrange sounded texturally richer, more relaxed, while tonal colors were a bit more vivid and saturated. Subjectively speaking, and with program material that did not stress its limited power delivery, I found the R120's siren song to be more persuasive. You could argue that the R120 is more euphonic due to the blooming of second order distortion with program level, or that its textures are overly liquid and you would be probably right. But at the end of the day, note that if you're in the mood for passionate SET sound, the SIT-1 would most likely not satisfy that need.

In my experience, a huge advantage of no-feedback SET over traditional push-pull amplification is in bringing to life microdynamic nuances. It may sound surprising to recognize that even a 2 wpc SET can outdo a 100 wpc push-pull amplifier in terms of dynamic contrasts, but that is the power of the first watt in the context of a high-sensitivity speaker load. The SIT-1 was able to dig deeply into the fabric of the music and communicate the music's soul, drama, and passion. In this it was aided by a phenomenal grasp of rhythmic nuances that helped propel the music forward with plenty of kinetic energy. Needless to say, my late night listening sessions were nothing short of magical.

The overall presentation was exquisitely detailed without overtly calling attention to specifics. Yet, the SIT-1 was able to place a mix under the microscope and readily resolve reverb decay and vocal overdub harmonies that often get fudged over by lesser amps. That was a direct consequence of a super low noise floor combined with superb transient speed and control. Whereas most SET amplifiers suffer from a constrained power bandwidth which leads to a soft and overly liquid presentation, the SIT-1 was unhindered by bandwidth limitations. The treble range was open, airy and always in control. Bass lines were reproduced tightly, with plenty of punch, and with exceptional pitch definition. In these respects, the SIT-1 far transcended the performance of transformer-coupled SET amplifiers.

Conclusion
Nelson Pass has hit a sonic home run with the SIT-1. It sounds much like a superb 300B based SET but with far more transient speed and extension at the frequency extremes. There's plenty of soundstage transparency and dimensionality, as well as superb layering of the depth perspective. The First Watt SIT-1 offers nearly flawless convergence of objective and subjective performance in a minimalist design, and what is undoubtedly one of the elite first watts on the planet today. A big thank you is due Nelson Pass for his commitment to and perseverance in nudging the state-of-the-art forward.

Nelson Pass Responds
Thanks very much, your comments are much appreciated.  Forty years later I find myself focused more and more on the individual sounds of different gain devices.  Each has a unique sound and particular usage that best plays to its strengths.  In the case of this Static Induction Transistor, very simple single-ended Class A circuits best showcase its character - more complexity just clutters up the sound.  This is the best such that I have encountered, and while getting these made was an expensive gamble, it exceeded all expectations.  If I sold none of these amplifiers at all, the design insights gained were worth the effort.  --- Nelson Pass

Specifications
Type: Solid-state monoblock amplifier
Frequency Response: 4 Hz to 500 kHz (-3 dB) 
Output Power: 10 watts @ 5% THD, 1 kHz
Distortion @ 1 watt: 0.7%
Input Impedance: 10 KOhm / 100 kOhm
Gain: 18 dB
Output Impedance: 4 ohms
Noise: 150 uV unweighted, 20-20 kHz
Power consumption: 200 watts
Fuse: 3AG slow blow type -2.5 Amp for 120VAC, 1.25 Amp for 240 VAC
Weight: 32 lbs.
Dimensions: 17" x 15" x 5" (WxDxH)
Warranty: Parts and labor for 3 years, not covering shipping costs or consequential damages. 
Price: $10,000 per pair

Company Information
First Watt
Website: www.Firstwatt.com

United States Dealer
Reno HiFi: www.renohifi.com